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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak caused by respiratory adenovirus in a university,and study the factors of respiratory adenovirus outbreak and ways of prevention and control.Methods The pharyngeal swabs of each case were identified by real time-PCR and sequencing.All the epidemiological and clinical information of these cases was collected via field interviews and medical records.Epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak were analyzed descriptively.Results 193 cases,including 89 cases of pneumonia,from a total of 807 cases,were admitted to the hospital.The incidence was 32.79%(807/2461).798 adenovirus positive samples were detected from 2461 pharyngeal swab samples.The total positive detection rate was 32.42%(798/2461).The positive rate of adenovirus was 98.88%(798/807).Clinical symptoms included fever(95.7%), cough(76.9%)and sore throat(52.2%).The outbreak was brought under effective control after integrated intervention measures were taken.Conclusion Respiratory adenovirus often causes outbreaks in crowded populations.Early symptomatic surveillance and standardized laboratory detection methods are crucial for prevention and control of outbreaks.Integrated control measures should be taken according to the field conditions and characteristics of the outbreak.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiology of outbreaks and epidemic characteristics of respiratory diseases caused by human adenovirus in China so as to provide some data for its epidemic and outbreak control and clinical diagnosis .Methods Data on respiratory adenovirus outbreaks and surveillance from 1997 to 2015 was collected from PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Databases.All the data was analyzed according to the descriptive epidemiology , including the time , area and population distribution .Clinical data and the serotypes of adenovirus were also analyzed.Results From 1997 to 2015, the epidemical serotypes of adenovirus included 1 to 7, 11, 14 and 55 in China, and the dominating serotypes were 7 and 3, which accounted for 62.33％(599/961) and 24.97％(240/961)of the total cases of outbreaks, and for 36.79％(312/848) and 53.18％(451/848) of the total cases of surveillance.The peaks of annual outbreaks were in 2004 and 2013, which made up 41.12％(2212/5380) and 16.49％(887/5380)of the total outbreak cases in this study .Most of the surveillance cases years occurred in 2010 and 2011, which accounted for 17.59％(297/1688) and 17.77％(300/1688) of the total cases of surveillance .The seasonal distribution of the outbreaks was characterized by the highest possibility in spring and winter .Outbreaks of respiratory adenovirus were reported by 12 provinces or municipalities .The number of reported outbreaks related to serotype 3 was the largest in Jiangsu Province, which made up 58.33％(140/240) of the total.Most of the reported cases related to serotype 7 occurred in Hubei Province, which made up 67.41％ (333/494) of the total.Most of cases were found in Peking and Jiangsu , which accounted for 57.56％(971/1687)and 32.42％(547/1687)of the total positive cases respectively.The high-risk populations were children and new recruits , who accounted for 73.97％(2907/3930) of the total.The clinical features of adenovirus infection were fever (63％-100％),sore throat (31.9％-100％), pharyngeal hyperemia (60％-100％) and cough (5.88％ -100％).Conclusion Human respiratory adenovirus has become one of the main pathogenic microorganisms that induce acute respiratory diseases in schools and in the military in China , so human adenovirus and related respiratory disease should be monitored in such populations .The epidemiological characteristics of different types of respiratory adenovirus and the patterns of spread should be analyzed in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Neuroprotective effect of scorpion venom on Parkinson's disease (PD) has already been reported. The present study was aimed to investigate whether scorpion venom heat resistant peptide (SVHRP) could attenuate ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondria and oxidative stress in midbrain neurons of early-stage PD model. The early-stage PD model was established by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (20 μg/3 μL normal saline with 0.1% ascorbic acid) into the striatum of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats unilaterally. The rats were intraperitoneally administered with SVHRP (0.05 mg/kg per day) or vehicle (saline) for 1 week. Two weeks after 6-OHDA treatment, the rats received behavior tests for validation of model. Three weeks after 6-OHDA injection, the immunoreactivity of dopaminergic neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry staining, and the ultrastructure of neuronal mitochondria in midbrain was observed by electron microscope. In the meantime, the activities of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mitochondria of the midbrain neurons, as well as the inhibitory ability of hydroxyl free radical and the antioxidant ability in the serum, were measured by corresponding kits. The results showed that 6-OHDA reduced the optical density of dopaminergic neurons, induced damage of mitochondrial ultrastructure of midbrain neurons, decreased SOD activity, increased MAO-B activity and MDA content, and reduced the antioxidant ability of the serum. SVHRP significantly reversed the previous harmful effects of 6-OHDA in early-stage PD model. These findings indicate that SVHRP may contribute to neuroprotection by preventing biochemical and ultrastructure damage changes which occur during early-stage PD.